Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review | DOI: 10.13060/csr.2025.033

Development and Validation of the Ultra-Short Version of the Identity Style Inventory (US-ISI-5) Among Czech Adolescents

Radka Hanzlová ORCID...1, Markéta Spitzerová ORCID...2
1 Institute of Sociology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague
2 Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague

Adolescence and the transition to adulthood represent critical periods for identity formation, with a coherent and stable sense of identity being a key component of psychosocial development and functioning in different social roles throughout one’s life. In their decision-making processes, individuals mainly employ three socio-cognitive strategies – informational, normative, and diffuse/avoidant – each of which can be measured by the Identity Style Inventory (ISI). However, the traditional version of this scale is too long and not particularly suitable for online surveys. This research note aims to develop and validate an ultra-short version of the ISI with a large sample of Czech adolescents aged 15–20 (N = 21,968). The analysis is based on data collected online from the first wave of the Czech Education Panel Survey (CZEPS), administered in autumn 2023. Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted during the development process. The validation and psychometric properties were evaluated in terms of reliability, convergent and criterion-related validity, and measurement invariance across gender and type of study. The results showed that the ultra-short Czech version of the ISI scale with nine items achieved good psychometric and structural quality. EFA clearly supported the three-factor structure, which was confirmed by CFA with good model fit. The reliability assessment results were consistent with those of other studies, and in terms of validity, both convergent and criterion-related validity were demonstrated by weak but theoretically consistent and meaningful associations with other measures. In terms of measurement invariance, partial scalar invariance was achieved across gender and type of study. The newly developed ultra-short nine-item version of the ISI (US-ISI-5) has been validated as a psychometrically sound and useful instrument for measuring identity processing strategies among Czech adolescents.

Klíčová slova: identity styles, Czech validation, development, psychometric analysis, short version, adolescents

Vloženo: 29. září 2025; Revidováno: 17. prosinec 2025; Přijato: 19. prosinec 2025; Zveřejněno online: 28. leden 2026 

Sdílet...
Stáhnout citaci
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Zobrazit celý článek

    Přílohy

    Stáhnout souborAppendix

    611_csr_000611_fin-0005_v3_appendix.pdf
    Velikost: 73.19 kB

    Reference

    1. Afzal, A., Iqbal Malik, N., & Atta, M. (2021). Translation and adaptation of Identity Style Inventory for Pakistani adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 36(2), 301-317. https://doi.org/10.33824/PJPR.2021.36.2.17 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    2. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    3. Bagozzi, R. P. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: A comment. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 375-381. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800312 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    4. Beaumont, S. L. (2009). Identity processing and personal wisdom: An information-oriented identity style predicts self-actualization and self-transcendence. Identity, 9(2), 95-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283480802669101 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    5. Berzonsky, M. D. (1989). Identity style: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4(3), 268-282. https://doi.org/10.1177/074355488943002 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    6. Berzonsky, M. D. (1992a). Identity style inventory (ISI-3): Revised version [Unpublished measure]. Department of Psychology, State University of New York. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    7. Berzonsky, M. D. (1992b). Identity style and coping strategies. Journal of Personality, 60(4), 771-788. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00273.x Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    8. Berzonsky, M. D., & Cieciuch, J. (2016). Mediational role of identity commitment in relationships between identity processing style and psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(1), 145-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9588-2 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    9. Berzonsky, M. D., Cieciuch, J., Duriez, B., & Soenens, B. (2011). The how and what of identity formation: Associations between identity styles and value orientations. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 295-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.10.007 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    10. Berzonsky, M. D., Macek, P., & Nurmi, J. E. (2003). Interrelationships among identity process, content, and structure: A cross-cultural investigation. Journal of Adolescent Research, 18(2), 112-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558402250344 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    11. Berzonsky, M. D., & Papini, D. R. (2014). Identity processing styles and value orientations: The mediational role of self-regulation and identity commitment. Identity, 14(2), 96-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2013.858228 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    12. Berzonsky, M. D., Soenens, B., Luyckx, K., Smits, I., Papini, D. R., & Goossens, L. (2013). Development and validation of the revised Identity Style Inventory (ISI-5): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 893-904. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032642 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    13. Berzonsky, M. D., & Sullivan, C. (1992). Social-cognitive aspects of identity style: Need for cognition, experiential openness, and introspection. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7(2), 140-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/074355489272002 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    14. Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    15. Crocetti, E., Albarello, F., Prati, F., & Rubini, M. (2021). Development of prejudice against immigrants and ethnic minorities in adolescence: A systematic review with meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Developmental Review, 60, 100959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100959 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    16. Crocetti, E., Rubini, M., Berzonsky, M. D., & Meeus, W. (2009). Brief report: The Identity Style Inventory - Validation in Italian adolescents and college students. Journal of Adolescence, 32(2), 425-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.04.002 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    17. Crocetti, E., & Shokri, O. (2010). Iranian validation of the Identity Style Inventory. International Journal of Testing, 10(2), 185-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305050903534696 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    18. Czyżowska, N. (2022). Identity processing style and meaning in life among emerging adults: Mediational role of commitment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116585 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    19. Davidov, E., Meuleman, B., Cieciuch, J., Schmidt, P., & Billiet, J. (2014). Measurement equivalence in cross-national research. Annual Review of Sociology, 40(1), 55-75. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043137 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    20. Davis, M. H. (1983). The effects of dispositional empathy on emotional reactions and helping: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality, 51(2), 167-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00860.x Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    21. Duriez, B., Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., & Berzonsky, M. (2012). A process-content approach to adolescent identity formation: Examining longitudinal associations between identity styles and goal pursuits. Journal of Personality, 80(1), 135-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00729.x Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    22. Duriez, B., & Soenens, B. (2006). Personality, identity styles and authoritarianism: An integrative study among late adolescents. European Journal of Personality, 20(5), 397-417. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.589 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    23. Erentaitė, R., Vosylis, R., & Crocetti, E. (2019). Longitudinal associations of identity processing styles with pro-diversity and pro-equality values in adolescence. Child Development, 90(5), 1490-1502. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13291 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    24. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. W. W. Norton.
    25. Eryigit, S., & Kerpelman, J. (2009). Using the identity processing style Q-Sort to examine identity styles of Turkish young adults. Journal of Adolescence, 32(5), 1137-1158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.02.001 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    26. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    27. Haddock, G., Zanna, M. P., & Esses, V. M. (1993). Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes: The case of attitudes toward homosexuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1105-1118. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    28. Hanzlová, R., & Kudrnáč, A. (2024). Validation and psychometric evaluation of the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (SWEMWBS) among Czech adolescents using item response theory. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 22(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-024-02280-9 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    29. Harkness, J. A., van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Mohler, P. P. (Ed.). (2003). Cross-cultural survey methods. J. Wiley.
    30. Kudrnáč, A., Hanzlová, R., Spitzerová, M., Aslan, K., & Bocskor, Ákos. (2024). Czech education panel survey 1. Wave - Student questionnaire [Dataset]. https://doi.org/10.14473/CSDA/OM42GN Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    31. McAdams, D. P. (2018). Narrative identity: What is it? What does it do? How do you measure it? Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 37(3), 359-372. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    32. Meeus, W. (1996). Studies on identity development in adolescence: An overview of research and some new data. Youth Adolescence, 25, 569-598. https://doi-org.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/10.1007/BF01537355 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    33. Miklikowska, M. (2012). Psychological underpinnings of democracy: Empathy, authoritarianism, self-esteem, interpersonal trust, normative identity style, and openness to experience as predictors of support for democratic values. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(5), 603-608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.032 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    34. Moskalenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2009). Measuring political mobilization: The distinction between activism and radicalism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 21(2), 239-260. https://doi-org.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/10.1080/09546550902765508 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    35. Monacis, L., de Palo, V., Sinatra, M., & Berzonsky, M. D. (2016). The revised Identity Style Inventory: Factor structure and validity in Italian speaking students. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00883 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    36. Muttaqin, D. (2021). Psychometric properties of Identity Style Inventory-5 Indonesian version: Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity. Jurnal Psikologi, 48(1), Article 1. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    37. Niemi, R. G., Craig, S. C., & Mattei, F. (1991). Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1988 national election study. American Political Science Review, 85, 1407-1413. Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    38. https://doi.org/10.2307/1963953 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    39. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
    40. Ozer, S., Obaidi, M., & Schwartz, S. J. (2022). Radicalized identity styles: Investigating sociocultural challenges, identity styles, and extremism. Self and Identity, 22(4), 507-532. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2022.2131618 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    41. Phillips, T. M., & Pittman, J. F. (2007). Adolescent psychological well-being by identity style. Journal of Adolescence, 30(6), 1021-1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.03.002 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    42. Robins, R. W., Hendin, H. M., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2001). Measuring global self-esteem: Construct validation of a single-item measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(2), 151-161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201272002 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    43. Smits, I., Doumen, S., Luyckx, K., Duriez, B., & Goossens, L. (2011). Identity styles and interpersonal behavior in emerging adulthood: The intervening role of empathy. Social Development, 20(4), 664-684. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2010.00595.x Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    44. Soenens, B., Berzonsky, M. D., & Papini, D. R. (2016). Attending to the role of identity exploration in self-esteem: Longitudinal associations between identity styles and two features of self-esteem. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40(5), 420-430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025415602560 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    45. Soenens, B., Duriez, B., & Goossens, L. (2005). Social-psychological profiles of identity styles: Attitudinal and social-cognitive correlates in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 28(1), 107-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.07.001 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    46. Spitzerová, M., Crocetti, E., & Kudrnáč, A. (2025). Identity processing strategies, classroom ethnic diversity, and attitudes toward ethnic outgroups. Journal of Adolescence, 97(6), 1597-1609. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12521 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    47. Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(1), 4-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810031002 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    48. West, S. G., Taylor, A. B., & Wu, W. (2012). Model fit and model selection in structural equation modeling. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Handbook of structural equation modeling (pp. 209-231). The Guilford Press.
    49. West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56-75). Sage Publications, Inc.
    50. Zimmermann, G., Mahaim, E. B., Mantzouranis, G., Genoud, P. A., & Crocetti, E. (2012). Brief report: The Identity Style Inventory (ISI-3) and the Utrecht-Management of Identity Commitments Scale (U-MICS): Factor structure, reliability, and convergent validity in French-speaking university students. Journal of Adolescence, 35(2), 461-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.11.013 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...
    51. Žukauskienė, R., Truskauskaitė-Kunevičienė, I., Kaniušonytė, G., & Crocetti, E. (2018). How do Lithuanian adolescents address identity questions? A four-wave longitudinal study on change and stability in identity styles. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15(1), 41-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2017.1285762 Přejít k původnímu zdroji...

    Tento článek je publikován v režimu tzv. otevřeného přístupu k vědeckým informacím (Open Access), který je distribuován pod licencí Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), která umožňuje nekomerční distribuci, reprodukci a změny, pokud je původní dílo řádně ocitováno. Není povolena distribuce, reprodukce nebo změna, která není v souladu s podmínkami této licence.


    Návrat zpět